V8 can compile to x86, ARM or MIPS instruction set architectures in both their 32-bit and 64-bit editions it has additionally been ported to PowerPC and IBM ESA/390 for use in servers. The garbage collector is a generational incremental collector. Optimization techniques used include inlining, elision of expensive runtime properties, and inline caching. The compiled code is additionally optimized (and re-optimized) dynamically at runtime, based on heuristics of the code's execution profile. In other words, V8 compiles ECMAScript directly to native machine code using just-in-time compilation before executing it. TurboFan compiles this bytecode into machine code. Then, Ignition generates bytecode from this syntax tree using the internal V8 bytecode format. V8 first generates an abstract syntax tree with its own parser. In 2021, a new tiered compilation pipeline was introduced with the release of the SparkPlug compiler, which supplements the existing TurboFan compiler within V8, in a direct parallel to the profiling C1 Compiler used by HotSpot. Starting with V8 version 5.9, Full-codegen (the early baseline compiler) and Crankshaft are no longer used in V8 for JavaScript execution, since the team believed they were no longer able to keep pace with new JavaScript language features and the optimizations those features required. In 2017, V8 shipped a brand-new compiler pipeline, consisting of Ignition (the interpreter) and TurboFan (the optimizing compiler). Ignition is a register based machine and shares a similar (albeit not the exact same) design to the templating interpreter utilized by HotSpot. In 2016, the Ignition interpreter was added to V8 with the design goal of reducing the memory usage on small memory Android phones in comparison with TurboFan and Crankshaft. Much of V8's development is strongly inspired by the Java HotSpot Virtual Machine developed by Sun Microsystems, with the newer execution pipelines being very similar to those of HotSpot's.
In version 41 of Chrome in 2015, project TurboFan was added to provide more performance improvements with previously challenging workloads such as asm.js. On 7 December 2010, a new compiling infrastructure named Crankshaft was released, with speed improvements. The V8 assembler is based on the Strongtalk assembler.
It has also been used on the server side, for example in Couchbase and Node.js. The first version of the V8 engine was released at the same time as the first version of Chrome: 2 September 2008. V8 is a free and open-source JavaScript and WebAssembly engine developed by the Chromium Project for Chromium and Google Chrome web browsers.
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